Clinical Studies and Case Reports

On this page you will find published clinical studies using cannabis or single cannabinoids to treat different diseases and symptoms, and case reports on the use of cannabis by patients from 1970 through the present.

	Disease / Symptom	Title	Author(s)	Year	Medication(s)	Design	Major Outcome(s)

Show	Nausea/vomiting	Use of medical marijuana for treatment of severe intractable nausea after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery: case report.	Merriman AR, Oliak DA.	2008	Delta-9-THC	Uncontrolled case report	THC relieved nausea refractory to other medications
Show	Pain	Comparison of analgesic effects and patient tolerability of nabilone and dihydrocodeine for chronic neuropathic pain: randomised, crossover, double blind study.	Frank B, Serpell MG, Hughes J, Matthews JN, Kapur D.	2008	Nabilone	Controlled study	Nabilone as effective as hydrocodeine in treating neuropatic pain
Show	Nausea/vomiting; Appetite loss/weight loss	Evaluation of oral cannabinoid-containing medications for the management of interferon and ribavirin-induced anorexia, nausea and weight loss in patients treated for chronic hepatitis C virus.	Costiniuk CT, Mills E, Cooper CL	2008	Delta-9-THC;Nabilone	Open study	Improvement of appetite and reduction of nausea and vomiting by nabilone and dronabinol (THC)
Show	Appetite loss/weight loss; Cancer; Pain	Adjunctive nabilone in cancer pain and symptom management: a prospective observational study using propensity scoring.	Maida V, Ennis M, Irani S, Corbo M, Dolzhykov M.	2008	Nabilone	Open study	Significant improvement of pain
Show	Neuropathic Pain	A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Trial of Cannabis Cigarettes in Neuropathic Pain.	Wilsey B, Marcotte T, Tsodikov A, Millman J, Bentley H, Gouaux B, Fishman S.	2008	Cannabis	Controlled study	Significant improvement of pain
Show	O.C.D.	Improvement in refractory obsessive compulsive disorder with dronabinol.	Schindler F, Anghelescu I, Regen F, Jockers-Scherubl M.	2008	Delta-9-THC	Uncontrolled case report	Significant symptom improvement
Show	Multiple Sclerosis; Dystonia	Current status of cannabis treatment of multiple sclerosis with an illustrative case presentation of a patient with MS, complex vocal tics, paroxysmal dystonia, and marijuana dependence treated with dronabinol.	Deutsch SI, Rosse RB, Connor JM, Burket JA, Murphy ME, Fox FJ.	2008	Delta-9-THC	Open study	Significant improvement of symptoms
Show	Pain	Lack of analgesia by oral standardized cannabis extract on acute inflammatory pain and hyperalgesia in volunteers.	Kraft B, Frickey NA, Kaufmann RM, Reif M, Frey R, Gustorff B, Kress HG.	2008	Cannabis	Controlled study	The cannabis extract showed no analgesic effect in acute experimental pain
Show	Pain	Analgesic and antihyperalgesic effects of nabilone on experimental heat pain.	Redmond WJ, Goffaux P, Potvin S, Marchand S.	2008	Nabilone	Controlled study	Nabilone did not reduce experimental heat pain
Show	Alzheimer's disease	The cannabinoid receptor agonist nabilone for the treatment of dementia-related agitation.	Passmore MJ.	2008	Nabilone	Uncontrolled case report	Dramatic reduction in the severity of agitation and other behavioural symptoms
Show	Dependency/withdrawal	Use of dronabinol for cannabis dependence: two case reports and review.	Levin FR, Kleber HD.	2008	Delta-9-THC	Uncontrolled case report	THC reduced withdrawal symptoms in cannabis dependence
Show	Pain	Nabilone for the treatment of pain in fibromyalgia.	Skrabek RQ, Galimova L, Ethans K, Perry D.	2008	Nabilone	Controlled study	Nabilone improved symptoms and was well-tolerated
Show	Pain	Efficacy of dronabinol as an adjuvant treatment for chronic pain patients on opioid therapy.	Narang S, Gibson D, Wasan AD, Ross EL, Michna E, Nedeljkovic SS, Jamison RN.	2008	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	THC reduced pain
Show	HIV/AIDS; Pain	Smoked medicinal cannabis for neuropathic pain in HIV: a randomized, crossover clinical trial.	Ellis RJ, Toperoff W, Vaida F, van den Brande G, Gonzales J, Gouaux B, Bentley H, Atkinson JH.	2008	Cannabis	Controlled study	Significant pain relief with cannabis.
Show	Hyperkinetic Movement Disorder	Treatment of a hyperkinetic movement disorder during pregnancy with dronabinol.	Farooq MU, Ducommun E, Goudreau J.	2008	Delta-9-THC	Uncontrolled case report	Improvement of her hyperkinetic movement disorder with no signs of tolerance
Show	Cancer	Nabilone for the treatment of paraneoplastic night sweats: a report of four cases.	Maida V.	2008	Nabilone	Open study	Significant improvement of night sweats within 2 days
Show	Pain	A prospective identification of neuropathic pain in specific chronic polyneuropathy syndromes and response to pharmacological therapy.	Toth C, Au S.	2008	Cannabis;Nabilone	Open study	Similar treatment effects and side effects of cannabinoids compared to other medications
Show		Effect of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, a cannabinoid receptor agonist, on the triggering of transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations in dogs and humans.	Beaumont H, Jensen J, Carlsson A, Ruth M, Lehmann A, Boeckxstaens GE.	2008	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	THC reduced acid reflux episodes in the first hour after a meal.
Show	Multiple Sclerosis	Psychopathological and cognitive effects of therapeutic cannabinoids in multiple sclerosis: a double-blind, placebo controlled, crossover study.	Aragona M, Onesti E, Tomassini V, Conte A, Gupta S, Gilio F, Pantano P, Pozzilli C, Inghilleri M.	2008	Cannabis	Controlled study	Cannabis did not impair cognition
Show	Pain	Open-label, add-on study of tetrahydrocannabinol for chronic nonmalignant pain.	Haroutiunian S, Rosen G, Shouval R, Davidson E.	2008	Delta-9-THC	Open study	5 patients reported adequate response to the treatment.
Show	Epilepsy	Marijuana: an effective antiepileptic treatment in partial epilepsy? A case report and review of the literature.	Mortati K, Dworetzky B, Devinsky O.	2007	Cannabis	Uncontrolled case report	Significant improvement of epilepsy with the use of cannabis.
Show	Pain	Dose-dependent effects of smoked cannabis on capsaicin-induced pain and hyperalgesia in healthy volunteers.	Wallace M, Schulteis G, Atkinson JH, Wolfson T, Lazzaretto D, Bentley H, Gouaux B, Abramson I.	2007	Cannabis	Controlled study	A medium dose of cannabis reduced pain, while a high dose increased pain induced by capsaicin
Show	Multiple Sclerosis; Pain	Oromucosal ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol/cannabidiol for neuropathic pain associated with multiple sclerosis: an uncontrolled, open-label, 2-year extension trial.	Rog DJ, Nurmikko TJ, Young CA.	2007	Cannabis	Open study	No development of tolerance within a period of two years of treatment
Show	ADHD	[Fitness to drive in spite (because) of THC] [Article in German]	Strohbeck-Kühner P, Skopp G, Mattern R.	2007	Cannabis	Uncontrolled case report	Significant improvement of driving-related performance
Show	Pain	Sativex successfully treats neuropathic pain characterised by allodynia: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.	Nurmikko TJ, Serpell MG, Hoggart B, Toomey PJ, Morlion BJ, Haines D.	2007	Cannabis	Controlled study	Significant improvement in pain by cannabis
Show		Vaporization as a smokeless cannabis delivery system: a pilot study.	Abrams DI, Vizoso HP, Shade SB, Jay C, Kelly ME, Benowitz NL	2007	Cannabis	Controlled study;Basic research	Vaporization of cannabis is a safe and effective mode of delivery of THC
Show	Appetite loss/weight loss	Anorexia of aging in long term care: is dronabinol an effective appetite stimulant? - a pilot study.	Wilson MM, Philpot C, Morley JE	2007	Delta-9-THC	Open study	A trend towards weight gain
Show	Nausea/vomiting; Appetite loss/weight loss; HIV/AIDS	THC improves appetite and reverses weight loss in AIDS patients	Dejesus E, Rodwick BM, Bowers D, Cohen CJ, Pearce D	2007	Delta-9-THC	Open study	THC improved appetite and weight and reduced nausea
Show	Appetite loss/weight loss; HIV/AIDS	Dronabinol and marijuana in HIV-positive marijuana smokers: caloric intake, mood, and sleep.	Haney M, Gunderson EW, Rabkin J, Hart CL, Vosburg SK, Comer SD, Foltin RW	2007	Cannabis;Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	THC and cannabis caused an increase in caloric intake and weight
Show	Nausea/vomiting; Cancer; Cancer chemotherapy	Efficacy of dronabinol alone and in combination with ondansetron versus ondansetron alone for delayed chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.	Meiri E, Jhangiani H, Vredenburgh JJ, Barbato LM, Carter FJ, Yang HM, Baranowski V.	2007	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	Dronabinol was as effective as ondansetron in reducing nausea and vomiting. Combination therapy was not more effective.
Show	Spasticity; Multiple Sclerosis	Randomized controlled trial of cannabis-based medicine in spasticity caused by multiple sclerosis	Collin C, Davies P, Mutiboko IK, Ratcliffe S, for the Sativex Spasticity in MS Study Group	2007	Cannabis	Controlled study	Significantly reduction in spasticity
Show	HIV/AIDS; Pain	Cannabis in painful HIV-associated sensory neuropathy: A randomized placebo-controlled trial.	Abrams DI, Jay CA, Shade SB, Vizoso H, Reda H, Press S, Kelly ME, Rowbotham MC, Petersen KL.	2007	Cannabis	Controlled study	Smoked cannabis was well tolerated and effectively relieved chronic neuropathic pain from HIV-associated sensory neuropathy.
Show	Glaucoma	Dronabinol and retinal hemodynamics in humans.	Plange N, Arend KO, Kaup M, Doehmen B, Adams H, Hendricks S, Cordes A, Huth J, Sponsel WE, Remky A.	2007	Delta-9-THC	Open study	THC reduced intraoculat pressure and improved blood circulation in the retina.
Show	Pain	Nabilone for the treatment of pain in fibromyalgia.	Skrabek RQ, Galimova L, Ethansand Daryl K.	2007	Nabilone	Controlled study	Significant reduction of pain and improvement of quality of life with nabilone
Show	Pain	Efficacy of dronabinol as an adjuvant treatment for chronic pain patients on opioid therapy	Narang S, Gibson D, Wasan AD, Ross EL, Michna E, Nedeljkovic SS, Jamison RN	2007	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study;Open study	THC had an additional effect on pain relief
Show	Spasticity; Spinal cord injury; Pain	Sativex® in the Treatment of Central Neuropathic Pain due to Spinal Cord Injury: A Randomised Controlled Study	Berman J & the Sativex Spinal Cord Injury Study Group, Bosworth T2 Guy G & Stott C.	2007	Cannabis	Controlled study	primary outcome mean NRS 11 poitn pain scale - nod difference - BPI secondary ourcome benefit - significant at p<0.032
Show		Effects of a cannabinoid receptor agonist on colonic motor and sensory functions in humans: a randomized, placebo-controlled study.	Esfandyari T, Camilleri M, Busciglio I, Burton D, Baxter K, Zinsmeister AR.	2007	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	THC relaxes the colon and reduces postprandial colonic motility
Show	Cancer; Cancer chemotherapy	Medicinal cannabis does not influence the clinical pharmacokinetics of irinotecan and docetaxel.	Engels FK, de Jong FA, Sparreboom A, Mathot RA, Loos WJ, Kitzen JJ, de Bruijn P, Verweij J, Mathijssen RH.	2007	Cannabis	Open study	Cannabis did not influence the pharmacokinetics of the two anti-cancer drugs
Show	Bipolar disorders	The effect of extreme marijuana use on the long-term course of bipolar I illness: a single case study.	El-Mallakh RS, Brown C.	2007	Cannabis	Uncontrolled case report	Cannabis decreased the number of depressed days and increased the number of hypomanic days.
Show	Multiple sclerosis	Cannabis; adverse effects from an oromucosal spray.	Scully C.	2007	Cannabis	Open study	The spray caused reversible damage to the mucosa
Show		Long term marijuana users seeking medical cannabis in California (2001-2007): demographics, social characteristics, patterns of cannabis and other drug use of 4117 applicants.	O'Connell TJ, Bou-Matar CB.	2007	Cannabis	Survey
Show	Spasticity; Spinal cord injury	The treatment of spasticity with Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol in persons with spinal cord injury.	Hagenbach U, Luz S, Ghafoor N, Berger JM, Grotenhermen F, Brenneisen R, Mader M.	2006	Delta-9-THC	Open study	Significant improvement of spasticity with THC
Show	Multiple sclerosis	Randomised controlled study of cannabis-based medicine (Sativex®) in patients suffering from multiple sclerosis associated detrusor overactivity	de Ridder D, Constantinescu CS,Fowler C, Kavia R, Sarantis N.	2006	Cannabis	Controlled study	A significant reduction in the number of voids per day and during the night.
Show	Spasticity; Multiple sclerosis	A randomised controlled study of Sativex® in patients with symptoms of spasticity due to multiple sclerosis	Collin C, Ambler Z, Kent R, McCalla R.	2006	Cannabis	Controlled study	Spasticity of patients who received cannabis and complied with the study protocol was significantly reduced compared to placebo.
Show	Nausea/vomiting; Appetite loss/weight loss; Cancer; Pain; Depression; Anxiety	The synthetic cannabinoid nabilone improves pain and symptom management in cancer patients	Maida V.	2006	Nabilone	Open study	Nabilone treatment improved pain, nausea, appetite and several other symptoms
Show	Pain	Synergistic affective analgesic interaction between delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and morphine.	Roberts JD, Gennings C, Shih M.	2006	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	There was a synergistic effect between THC and morphine on the affective component of pain but not on the sensory component
Show	Pain	[(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol and the opioid receptor agonist piritramide do not act synergistically in postoperative pain.] [Article in German]	Seeling W, Kneer L, Buchele B, Gschwend JE, Maier L, Nett C, Simmet T, Steffen P, Schneider M, Rockemann M.	2006	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	Application of THC reduced the need of an opioid to treat postoperative pain but the difference to placebo was not significant
Show	Nausea/vomiting; Appetite loss/weight loss; Cancer; Cancer chemotherapy	[Dronabinol for supportive therapy in patients with malignant melanoma and liver metastases.] [Article in German]	Zutt M, Hanssle H, Emmert S, Neumann C, Kretschmer L.	2006	Delta-9-THC	Open study	A significant increase in appetite and decrease in nausea in most patients.
Show	Ideopathic Intracranial Hypertension	Dronabinol reduces signs and symptoms of idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a case report.	Raby WN, Modica PA, Wolintz RJ, Murtaugh K.	2006	Cannabis;Delta-9-THC	Uncontrolled case report	Improvement of signs and symptoms of the disease
Show	Schizophrenia	Cannabidiol monotherapy for treatment-resistant schizophrenia	Zuardi AW, Hallak JE, Dursun SM, Morais SL, Faria Sanches R, Musty RE, Crippa JA.	2006	Cannabidiol	Open study	CBD monotherapy was not effective in treatment-resistant schizophrenia
Show	Alzheimer's disease	Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol for night-time agitation in severe dementia	Walther S, Mahlberg R, Eichmann U, Kunz D	2006	Delta-9-THC	Open study	Reduction in night-time agitation in actigraphy and in the neuropsychiatric inventory NPI
Show	Pain	A multicenter dose-escalation study of the analgesic and adverse effects of an oral cannabis extract (Cannador) for postoperative pain management.	Holdcroft A, Maze M, Dore C, Tebbs S, Thompson S.	2006	Cannabis	Controlled study	The optimal dose was 10 mg Cannador, effectively reducing postoperative pain without serious side effects.
Show	Multiple sclerosis	The effect of cannabis on urge incontinence in patients with multiple sclerosis: a multicentre, randomised placebo-controlled trial (CAMS-LUTS).	Freeman RM, Adekanmi O, Waterfield MR, Waterfield AE, Wright D, Zajicek J.	2006	Cannabis;Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	Cannabis and dronabinol caused a significant reduction in incontinence
Show	Spasticity; Spinal cord injury	[Respiratory failure due to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in a tetraplegic patient.]. [Article in German]	Neuburger M, Schley M, Schmelz M, Schuepfer G, Konrad C.	2006	Delta-9-THC	Uncontrolled case report	Dronabinol reduced spasticity but worsened respiration
Show	Cancer	A pilot clinical study of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol in patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme.	Guzman M, Duarte MJ, Blazquez C, Ravina J, Rosa MC, Galve-Roperh I, Sanchez C, Velasco G, Gonzalez-Feria L.	2006	Delta-9-THC	Open study	THC was well tolerated in this pilot study of intrakranial cannabinoid administration
Show	Pain	Delta-9-THC based monotherapy in fibromyalgia patients on experimentally induced pain, axon reflex flare, and pain relief.	Schley M, Legler A, Skopp G, Schmelz M, Konrad C, Rukwied R.	2006	Delta-9-THC	Open study	Five of the nine patients withdrew from the study due to side effects. Four patients experienced significant pain relief
Show	Appetite loss/weight loss; Cancer	Comparison of orally administered cannabis extract and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in treating patients with cancer-related anorexia-cachexia syndrome: a multicenter, phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial from the Cannabis-in-Cachexia-Study-Group	Strasser F, Luftner D, Possinger K, Ernst G, Ruhstaller T, Meissner W, Ko YD, Schnelle M, Reif M, Cerny T.	2006	Cannabis;Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	No difference between cannabis, THC and placebo
Show	Pruritus	[Topical cannabinoid agonists : An effective new possibility for treating chronic pruritus.] [Article in German]	Stander S, Reinhardt HW, Luger TA.	2006	Other cannabinoids	Open study	Topical application of a cream with N-palmitoyl ethanolamine had a good antipruritic effect in most patients.
Show	Pain	[Benefits of an add-on treatment with the synthetic cannabinomimetic nabilone on patients with chronic pain - a randomized controlled trial.] [Article in German]	Pinsger M, Schimetta W, Volc D, Hiermann E, Riederer F, Polz W.	2006	Nabilone	Controlled study	Nabilone caused a significant reduction in pain and improvement of quality of life.
Show	Pain	Effects of nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid, on postoperative pain.	Beaulieu P.	2006	Nabilone	Controlled study	No pain reduction with nabilone.
Show	Multiple sclerosis; Pain	Low dose treatment with the synthetic cannabinoid Nabilone significantly reduces spasticity-related pain : A double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over trial.	Wissel J, Haydn T, Muller J, Brenneis C, Berger T, Poewe W, Schelosky LD.	2006	Nabilone	Controlled study	Significant reduction of pain
Show	Glaucoma	Effect of Sublingual Application of Cannabinoids on Intraocular Pressure: A Pilot Study.	Tomida I, Azuara-Blanco A, House H, Flint M, Pertwee RG, Robson PJ.	2006	Delta-9-THC;Cannabidiol	Controlled study	Significant reduction of intraocular pressure
Show	Nausea/vomiting; Cancer chemotherapy; Pain	Cannabinoids in the management of intractable chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and cancer-related pain.	Sutton IR, Daeninck P.	2006	Nabilone	Survey;Uncontrolled case report	Significant improvement in one case of intractable neuropathic pain and one case of refractory cinv
Show	Pain	Preliminary assessment of the efficacy, tolerability and safety of a cannabis-based medicine (Sativex) in the treatment of pain caused by rheumatoid arthritis.	Blake DR, Robson P, Ho M, Jubb RW, McCabe CS.	2006	Cannabis	Controlled study	Cannabis produced improvements in pain and sleep
Show	Traumatic Brain Injury	Efficacy and safety of dexanabinol in severe traumatic brain injury: results of a phase III randomised, placebo-controlled, clinical trial.	Maas AI, Murray G, Henney H 3rd, Kassem N, Legrand V, Mangelus M, Muizelaar JP, Stocchetti N, Knoller N; Pharmos TBI investigators.	2006	Other cannabinoids	Controlled study	No effect of dexanabinol
Show	Nausea/vomiting	Survey of medicinal cannabis use among childbearing women: patterns of its use in pregnancy and retroactive self-assessment of its efficacy against 'morning sickness'.	Westfall RE, Janssen PA, Lucas P, Capler R.	2006	Cannabis	Survey	Cannabis effective against nausea and vomiting
Show	Pain	Experience with the synthetic cannabinoid nabilone in chronic noncancer pain.	Berlach DM, Shir Y, Ware MA.	2006	Nabilone	Open study	9 patients reported reduced pain intensity
Show	Nausea/vomiting	Prevention of nausea and vomiting following breast surgery.	Layeeque R, Siegel E, Kass R, Henry-Tillman RS, Colvert M, Mancino A, Klimberg VS.	2006	Delta-9-THC	Open study	Postoperative nausea and vomiting was reduced by prophylactic administration of dronabinol and prochlorperazine
Show		Effect of a cannabinoid agonist on gastrointestinal transit and postprandial satiation in healthy human subjects: a randomized, placebo-controlled study.	Esfandyari T, Camilleri M, Ferber I, Burton D, Baxter K, Zinsmeister AR.	2006	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	THC retarded gastric emptying
Show	Nausea/vomiting	Cannabis use improves retention and virological outcomes in patients treated for hepatitis C.	Sylvestre DL, Clements BJ, Malibu Y.	2006	Cannabis	Open study	Participants who used cannabis maintained adherence to treatment more offen
Show	Spasticity; Multiple sclerosis; Pain	Long-term use of a cannabis-based medicine in the treatment of spasticity and other symptoms in multiple sclerosis.	Wade DT, Makela PM, House H, Bateman C, Robson P.	2006	Cannabis	Open study	Long-term use of cannabis maintains its therapeutic effects
Show	Spasticity; Multiple sclerosis; Pain	Cannabis use in patients with multiple sclerosis.	Chong MS, Wolff K, Wise K, Tanton C, Winstock A, Silber E.	2006	Cannabis	Survey	A subgroup of patients with severe disabilitiy appears to derive some benefit
Show	Pain	Evaluation of herbal cannabis characteristics by medical users: a randomized trial.	Ware MA, Ducruet T, Robinson AR.	2006	Cannabis	Controlled study	Medical cannabis users can appreciate differences in herbal cannabis products
Show	Dependency/withdrawal	Concurrent cannabis use during treatment for comorbid ADHD and cocaine dependence: effects on outcome.	Aharonovich E, Garawi F, Bisaga A, Brooks D, Raby WN, Rubin E, Nunes EV, Levin FR.	2006	Cannabis	Open study	Moderate cannabis use had a positive effect of retention rates and abstinence from cocaine
Show	Spasticity; Multiple sclerosis	Cannabinoids in multiple sclerosis (CAMS) study: safety and efficacy data for 12 months follow up.	Zajicek JP, Sanders HP, Wright DE, Vickery PJ, Ingram WM, Reilly SM, Nunn AJ, Teare LJ, Fox PJ, Thompson AJ.	2005	Cannabis;Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	Spasticity in the Ashworth scale was significantly reduced by an average of 1.82 in the THC group; no significant reduction in the cannabis group
Show	Spasticity;Multiple sclerosis	Cannabis-based medicinal extract (Sativex) produced significant improvements in a subjective measure of spasticity which were maintained on long-term treatment with no evidence of tolerance.	Robson P, Wade D, Makela P, House H, Bateman C	2005	Cannabis	Controlled study	Beneficial effects of cannabis on spasticity in MS seem to be maintained over long-term treatment, with no evidence of tolerance.
Show	Schizophrenia	Cannabidiol as an antipsychotic. A double-blind, controlled clinical trial on cannabidiol vs. amisulpride in acute schizophrenia.	Leweke FM, Koethe D, Gerth CW, Nolden BM, Schreibe D, Hänsel A, Neatby MA, Juelicher A	2005	Cannabidiol	Controlled study	CBD was as effective as amisulpride, a standard antipsychotic
Show	HIV/AIDS; Pain	Smoked cannabis therapy for HIV-related painful peripheral neuropathy: results of a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.	Abrams DI, Jay CA, Vizoso H, Shade SB, Reda H, Press S, Kelly ME, Rowbotham M, Petersen K	2005	Cannabis	Controlled study	Smoked cannabis is effective in reducing HIV-related neuropathic pain
Show	Epilepsy	Treatment with CBD in oily solution of drug-resistant paediatric epilepsies.	Pelliccia A, Grassi G, Romano A, Crocchialo P	2005	Cannabidiol	Open study	Improvement of epilepsy without side effects
Show	Pain	Standardized cannabis extract in the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia – a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study.	Ernst G, Denke C, Reif M, Schnelle M, Hagmeister H	2005	Cannabis	Controlled study	Cannabis did not reduce pain
Show	Multiple sclerosis; Pain	Randomized, controlled trial of cannabis-based medicine in central pain in multiple sclerosis.	Rog DJ, Nurmikko TJ, Friede T, Young CA.	2005	Cannabis	Controlled study	Cannabis is effective in reducing pain and sleep disturbance in patients with multiple sclerosis related central neuropathic pain
Show	Nausea/vomiting; HIV/AIDS	Marijuana use and its association with adherence to antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected persons with moderate to severe nausea.	de Jong BC, Prentiss D, McFarland W, Machekano R, Israelski DM.	2005	Cannabis	Open study	Cannabis improved adherence to antiretroviral therapy in HIV/AIDS
Show	Appetite loss/weight loss; HIV/AIDS; Alzheimer's disease	Dronabinol and marijuana in HIV(+) marijuana smokers: acute effects on caloric intake and mood.	Haney M, Rabkin J, Gunderson E, Foltin RW.	2005	Cannabis;Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	THC and cannabis cause increased caloric intake
Show	Appetite loss/weight loss	Dronabinol - eine mögliche neue Therapieoption bei COPD-Patienten mit pulmonaler Kachexie [Dronabinol, a possible new therapeutic option in patients with COPD and pulmonal cachexia]	Bergmann K-C	2005	Delta-9-THC	Open study	On average 1,5 kg of weight gain and increase of walking distance
Show	Nausea/vomiting; Appetite loss/weight loss; HIV/AIDS; Pain; Anxiety	Cannabis use in HIV for pain and other medical symptoms.	Woolridge E, Barton S, Samuel J, Osorio J, Dougherty A, Holdcroft A.	2005	Cannabis	Survey	27% used cannabis for the treatment of various symptoms
Show	Schizophrenia	Cannabidiol as an antipsychotic. A double-blind, controlled clinical trial on cannabidiol vs. amisulpride in acute schizophrenia.	Leweke FM, Koethe D, Gerth CW, Nolden BM, Schreiber D, Hänsel A, Neatby MA, Juelicher A, Hellmich M, Klosterkötter J.	2005	Cannabidiol	Controlled study	Cannabidiol significantly reduced psychopathological symptoms of acute psychosis.
Show	Pain; Depression; Anxiety	Cannabis use in sickle cell disease: a questionnaire study.	Howard J, Anie KA, Holdcroft A, Korn S, Davies SC.	2005	Cannabis	Survey	36% had used cannabis to treat symptoms
Show	Dependency/withdrawal	Low efficacy of non-opioid drugs in opioid withdrawal symptoms.	Hermann D, Klages E, Welzel H, Mann K, Croissant B.	2005	Cannabis	Survey	Only low efficacy of cannabis in alleviating opioid withdrawal symptoms
Show	Pruritus	Efficacy and tolerance of the cream containing structured physiological lipids with endocannabinoids in the treatment of uremic pruritus: a preliminary study.	Szepietowski JC, Szepietowski T, Reich A.	2005	Other cannabinoids	Open study	Improvement of pruritus with the cream
Show		The medicinal use of cannabis in the UK: results of a nationwide survey.	Ware MA, Adams H, Guy GW.	2005	Cannabis	Survey	Cannabis use was reported by 25 % of patients with chronic pain and 22 % of patients with multiple sclerosis
Show	Crohn's Disease	Clinical improvement and reduction of immunosuppressive drug therapy in cannabis treated patients with crohn's disease.	Hergenrather JY, Mikuriya TH, Bearman D.	2005	Cannabis	Survey	The majority of patients found a substantial improvement of their symptoms
Show	Pain	Efficacy of two cannabis based medicinal extracts for relief of central neuropathic pain from brachial plexus avulsion: results of a randomised controlled trial.	Berman JS, Symonds C, Birch R.	2004	Cannabis;Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	Significant pain relief and improvement of sleep
Show	Parkinson's disease	Cannabis for dyskinesia in Parkinson disease: a randomized double-blind crossover study.	Carroll CB, Bain PG, Teare L, Liu X, Joint C, Wroath C, Parkin SG, Fox P, Wright D, Hobart J, Zajicek JP.	2004	Cannabis	Controlled study	Cannabis had no treatment effect on levodopa-induced dyskinesia.
Show	Parkinson's disease	Survey on cannabis use in Parkinson's disease: subjective improvement of motor symptoms.	Venderova K, Ruzicka E, Vorisek V, Visnovsky P.	2004	Cannabis	Survey	25% of the respondents had taken cannabis and 45.9% of these described some form of benefit.
Show	Multiple sclerosis; Pain	Does the cannabinoid dronabinol reduce central pain in multiple sclerosis? Randomised double blind placebo controlled crossover trial	Svendsen KB, Jensen TS, Bach FW	2004	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	Significant reduction of pain by THC
Show	Spasticity; Multiple sclerosis; Pain; Tremor	Do cannabis-based medicinal extracts have general or specific effects on symptoms in multiple sclerosis? A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study on 160 patients.	Wade DT, Makela P, Robson P, House H, Bateman C.	2004	Cannabis	Controlled study	Spasticity scores were significantly reduced by cannabis.
Show	Spasticity; Multiple sclerosis	Efficacy of tetrahydrocannabinol in patients refractory to standard antiemetic therapy.Efficacy, safety and tolerability of an orally administered cannabis extract in the treatment of spasticity in patients with multiple sclerosis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study.	Vaney C, Heinzel-Gutenbrunner M, Jobin P, Tschopp F, Gattlen B, Hagen U, Schnelle M, Reif M.	2004	Cannabis	Controlled study	Significant reduction in spasm frequency in the 37 patients who received at least 90% of the dose.
Show	Multiple sclerosis	An open-label pilot study of cannabis-based extracts for bladder dysfunction in advanced multiple sclerosis.	Brady CM, DasGupta R, Dalton C, Wiseman OJ, Berkley KJ, Fowler CJ.	2004	Cannabis	Open study	Urinary urgency, the number and volume of incontinence episodes, frequency and nocturia all decreased.
Show	Multiple sclerosis; Tremor	The effect of cannabis on tremor in patients with multiple sclerosis.	Fox P, Bain PG, Glickman S, Carroll C, Zajicek J.	2004	Cannabis;Delta-9-THC;Other cannabinoids	Controlled study	No significant improvement of tremor
Show	Pain	Are oral cannabinoids safe and effective in refractory neuropathic pain?	Attal N, Brasseur L, Guirimand D, Clermond-Gnamien S, Atlami S, Bouhassira D	2004	Delta-9-THC	Open study	No significant decraese of pain in 7 patients, more than 60% decrease in one patient
Show	Dependency/withdrawal	Marijuana withdrawal in humans: effects of oral THC or divalproex.	Haney M, Hart CL, Vosburg SK, Nasser J, Bennett A, Zubaran C, Foltin RW.	2004	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	THC abolished withdrawal symptoms
Show	Appetite loss/weight loss; HIV/AIDS; Pain; Depression	Patterns of marijuana use among patients with HIV/AIDS followed in a public health care setting.	Prentiss D, Power R, Balmas G, Tzuang G, Israelski DM.	2004	Cannabis	Survey	Improvement of pain, appetite and depression/anxiety by using cannabis
Show	Appetite loss/weight loss; Spasticity; Pain; Depression	Survey of cannabis use in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.	Amtmann D, Weydt P, Johnson KL, Jensen MP, Carter GT.	2004	Cannabis	Survey	Moderate improvement of pain, spasticity, appetite and depression
Show	Pain	Initial experiences with medicinal extracts of cannabis for chronic pain: results from 34 'N of 1' studies.	Notcutt W, Price M, Miller R, Newport S, Phillips C, Simmons S, Sansom C.	2004	Cannabis	Controlled study	Improvement of pain
Show		Effect of Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on nocturnal sleep and early-morning behavior in young adults.	Nicholson AN, Turner C, Stone BM, Robson PJ.	2004	Cannabis;Delta-9-THC;Cannabidiol	Controlled study	THC had sedative effects, CBD had alerting effects
Show	Night Vision	Cannabis improves night vision: A pilot study of dark adaptometry and scotopic sensitivity in kif smokers of the Rif Mountains of Northern Morocco.	Russo EB, Merzouki A, Molero Mesa J, Frey KA, Bach PJ.	2004	Cannabis;Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	Oral THC and smoking of cannabis improved night vision
Show	Dependency/withdrawal	Cannabis as a Substitute for Alcohol: A Harm-Reduction Approach	Mikuriya TH	2004	Cannabis;Nabilone	Uncontrolled case report	Cannabis is a successful substituent of alcohol
Show	Spasticity; Spinal cord injury; Multiple sclerosis; Pain	A preliminary controlled study to determine whether whole-plant cannabis extracts can improve intractable neurogenic symptoms.	Wade DT, Robson P, House H, Makela P, Aram J.	2003	Cannabis;Delta-9-THC;Cannabidiol	Controlled study	Pain relief associated with both THC and CBD was significantly superior to placebo. Impaired bladder control, muscle spasms and spasticity were improved by cannabis in some patients
Show	Appetite loss/weight loss; Alzheimer's disease	Safety and efficacy of dronabinol in the treatment of agitation in patients with Alzheimer’s disease with anorexia: A retrospective chart review	Patel S, Shua-Haim JR, Pass M	2003	Delta-9-THC	Open study	Weight gain in all, reduction of agitation in 65%.
Show	HIV/AIDS	Short-term effects of cannabinoids in patients with HIV-1 infection: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.	Abrams DI, Hilton JF, Leiser RJ, Shade SB, Elbeik TA, Aweeka FT, Benowitz NL, Bredt BM, Kosel B, Aberg JA, Deeks SG, Mitchell TF, Mulligan K, Bacchetti P, McCune JM, Schambelan M	2003	Cannabis;Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	Cannabis and THC had no significant effect on HI virus load and on CD4+ and CD8+ cell count
Show	Spasticity; Spinal cord injury	The treatment of spasticity with D9-tetrahydrocannabinol (D9-THC) in patients with spinal cord injury	Hagenbach U, Luz S, Brenneisen R, Mäder M	2003	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	Significant reduction of spasticity
Show	Spasticity; Dystonia; Epilepsy; Anxiety	Experiences with THC-treatment in children and adolescents	Lorenz R	2003	Delta-9-THC	Uncontrolled case report	Positive effects of THC in children with severe neurological disorders
Show	Multiple sclerosis; Pain	Randomised controlled trial of cannabis based medicinal extracts (CBME) in central neuropathic pain due to multiple sclerosis.	Young CA, Rog DJ	2003	Cannabis	Controlled study	Significant reduction in pain
Show	Pain	Efficacy of two cannabis-based medicinal extracts for relief of central neuropathic pain from brachial plexus avulsion: results of a randomised controlled trial	Berman J, Lee J, Cooper M, Cannon A, Sach J, McKerral S, Taggart M, Symonds C, Fishel K, Birch R	2003	Cannabis;Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	Significant pain relief and improvement of sleep
Show	Pain	Analgesic effect of the synthetic cannabinoid CT-3 on chronic neuropathic pain: a randomized controlled trial.	Karst M, Salim K, Burstein S, Conrad I, Hoy L, Schneider U.	2003	Other cannabinoids	Controlled study	Significant reduction of pain
Show	Pain	Cannabis use for chronic non-cancer pain: results of a prospective survey.	Ware MA, Doyle CR, Woods R, Lynch ME, Clark AJ	2003	Cannabis	Survey	Cannabis use is prevalent among the chronic non-cancer pain population
Show	Alzheimer's disease	Open-label study of dronabinol in the treatment of refractory agitation in Alzheimer’s disease: a pilot study	Ross JS, Shua-Haim JR	2003	Delta-9-THC	Open study	Significant reduction of agitation
Show	HIV/AIDS; Pain	The effects of smoked cannabis in painful peripheral neuropathy and cancer pain refractory to opiods.	Abrams DI, Jay Ch, Petersen K, Shade S, Vizoso H, Reda H, Benowitz N, Rowbotham M.	2003	Cannabis	Open study	10 of the 16 participants experienced a greater than 30% reduction in their pain
Show	Tourette's syndrome	Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is effective in the treatment of tics in Tourette syndrome: a 6-week randomized trial.	Muller-Vahl KR, Schneider U, Prevedel H, Theloe K, Kolbe H, Daldrup T, Emrich HM.	2003	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	Results provide evidence that THC is effective in the treatment of tics.
Show	Pain	Lack of analgesic efficacy of oral delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in postoperative pain.	Buggy DJ, Toogood L, Maric S, Sharpe P, Lambert DG, Rowbotham DJ	2003	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	5 mg was ineffective in reduding postoperative pain.
Show	Spasticity; Multiple sclerosis; Pain	Cannabinoids for treatment of spasticity and other symptoms related to multiple sclerosis (CAMS study): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial.	Zajicek J, Fox P, Sanders H, Wright D, Vickery J, Nunn A, Thompson A, on behalf of the UK	2003	Cannabis;Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	No effect of cannabinoids on spasticity as measured by the Ashworth scale, while patient-reported spasticity and pain decreased.
Show	Pain	A case of cannabinoid rotation in a young woman with chronic cystitis	Krenn H Daha LK Oczenski W Fitzgerald R D	2003	Delta-9-THC;Nabilone	Uncontrolled case report	THC reduced pain with low side effects; nabilone caused strong psychic side effects
Show	Pain	Cannabis reduces opioid dose in the treatment of chronic non-cancer pain.	Lynch ME, Clark AJ.	2003	Cannabis	Uncontrolled case report	Improvement in pain, spasticity, bladder spasm, and sleep.
Show	Spasticity; Multiple sclerosis; Pain; Depression	Cannabis use as described by people with multiple sclerosis.	Page SA, Verhoef MJ, Stebbins RA, Metz LM, Levy JC.	2003	Cannabis	Survey	Improvement of pain, spasticity and anxiety/depression
Show	Pain	The analgesic effect of oral delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), morphine, and a THC-morphine combination in healthy subjects under experimental pain conditions.	Naef M, Curatolo M, Petersen-Felix S, Arendt-Nielsen L, Zbinden A, Brenneisen R.	2003	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	No effect of THC on experimental pain in healthy subjects
Show		Survey on the medical use of cannabis and THC in Germany.	Grotenhermen F, Schnelle M.	2003	Cannabis;Delta-9-THC	Survey	Cannabis and THC were effective in many conditions
Show	Allergies	Histamine induced responses are attenuated by a cannabinoid receptor agonist in human skin.	Dvorak M, Watkinson A, McGlone F, Rukwied R.	2003	Other cannabinoids	Controlled study	Peripheral administration of HU210 attenuates histamine-induced itch
Show	Pain	Cannabinoid agonists attenuate capsaicin-induced responses in human skin.	Rukwied R, Watkinson A, McGlone F, Dvorak M.	2003	Other cannabinoids	Controlled study	A topically applied cannabinoid receptor agonist (HU210) reduced pain caused by capsaicin
Show	Appetite loss/weight loss; Cancer	Dronabinol versus megestrol acetate versus combination therapy for cancer-associated anorexia: a North Central Cancer Treatment Group study.	Jatoi A, Windschitl HE, Loprinzi CL, Sloan JA, Dakhil SR, Mailliard JA, Pundaleeka S, Kardinal CG, Fitch TR, Krook JE, Novotny PJ, Christensen B.	2002	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	megestrol acetate was superior to THC
Show	Pain	[The therapeutic use of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (dronabinol) in refractory neuropathic pain] [Article in French].	Clermont-Gnamien S, Atlani S, Attal N, Le Mercier F, Guirimand F, Brasseur L.	2002	Delta-9-THC	Open study	No signficant effect of THC on pain
Show	Tourette's syndrome	Treatment of Tourette's syndrome with Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): a randomized crossover trial.	Muller-Vahl KR, Schneider U, Koblenz A, Jobges M, Kolbe H, Daldrup T, Emrich HM.	2002	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	Significant improvement of tics and obsessive-compulsive behavior after treatment with THC.
Show	Dystonia	Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to assess the potential of cannabinoid receptor stimulation in the treatment of dystonia.	Fox SH, Kellett M, Moore AP, Crossman AR, Brotchie JM	2002	Nabilone	Controlled study	No significant reduction in dystonia following treatment with nabilone
Show	Spasticity; Multiple sclerosis	Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of orally administered cannabinoids in MS.	Killestein J, Hoogervorst EL, Reif M, Kalkers NF, Van Loenen AC, Staats PG, Gorter RW, Uitdehaag BM, Polman CH	2002	Cannabis;Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	Compared with placebo, neither THC nor plant-extract treatment reduced spasticity.
Show	Pruritus; Cholestatic liver disease	Preliminary observation with dronabinol in patients with intractable pruritus secondary to cholestatic liver disease.	Neff GW, O'Brien CB, Reddy KR, Bergasa NV, Regev A, Molina E, Amaro R, Rodriguez MJ, Chase V, Jeffers L, Schiff E.	2002	Delta-9-THC	Open study	THC signficantly reduced intractable cholestatic related pruritus
Show	Spasticity	A casuistic rationale for the treatment of spastic and myocloni in a childhood neurodegenerative disease: neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis of the type Jansky-Bielschowsky.	Lorenz R.	2002	Delta-9-THC	Uncontrolled case report	Improvement of spasticity
Show		Chronic Cannabis Use in the Compassionate Investigational New Drug Program: An Examination of Benefits and Adverse Effects of Legal Clinical Cannabis	E. Russo, M.L. Mathre, A. Byrne, R. Velin, P.J. Bach, J. Sanchez-Ramos, K.A. Kirlin	2002	Cannabis	Uncontrolled case report	Effective treatment of different serious conditions with cannabis
Show	Dependency/withdrawal	Crack heads and roots daughters: The therapeutic use of cannabis in Jamaica.	Dreher M.	2002	Cannabis	Open study	Cannabis was the most effective and readily available therapy to quit cocaine use
Show	Nausea/vomiting	Hyperemesis Gravidarum and Clinical Cannabis: To Eat or Not to Eat?	Curry W-NL	2002	Cannabis	Uncontrolled case report	Cannabis effective in treating nausea and vomiting in pregnant women
Show	Obstetrics & Gynecology	Cannabis treatments in obstetrics and gynecology: A historical review.	Russo E.	2002	Cannabis	Uncontrolled case report	Cannabis was effective in a wide range of gynecological conditions
Show	Tourette's syndrome	Müller-Vahl KR, Schneider U, Emrich HM.	Combined treatment of Tourette syndrome with delta-9-THC and dopamine receptor agonists.	2002	Delta-9-THC	Uncontrolled case report	THC may be combined with neuroleptics
Show	Parkinson's disease	Cannabinoids reduce levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease: a pilot study.	Sieradzan KA, Fox SH, Hill M, Dick JP, Crossman AR, Brotchie JM	2001	Nabilone	Controlled study	significant reduction of levodopa-induced dyskinesia
Show	Nausea/vomiting	Antiemetic efficacy of smoked marijuana: subjective and behavioral effects on nausea induced by syrup of ipecac.	Soderpalm AH, Schuster A, de Wit H	2001	Cannabis	Controlled study	Ondansetron superior to cannabis in reducing nausea and vomiting
Show	Spinal cord injury	Clinical investigation of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) as an alternative therapy for overactive bladders in spinal cord injury (SCI) patients.	Hagenbach U, Ghafoor N, Brenneisen R, Luz S, Mäder M.	2001	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	Significant improvement of some parameters of bladder function
Show	Multiple sclerosis	Acute and chronic effects of cannabis based medicinal extract on refractory lower urinary tract dysfunction in patients with advanced multiple sclerosis – early results	Brady CM, DasGupta R, Wiseman OJ, Berkley KJ, Fowler CJ	2001	Cannabis	Open study	Mean maximum cystometric capacity increased
Show	Pain	[Tetrahydrocannabinol for treatment of chronic pain] [Article in German]	Elsner F, Radbruch L, Sabatowski R.	2001	Delta-9-THC	Uncontrolled case report	Sufficient pain relief in three patients
Show	Nausea/vomiting; Cancer; Cancer chemotherapy	Effects of smoked cannabis and oral delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on nausea and emesis after cancer chemotherapy: A review of state clinical trials.	Musty RE, Rossi R.	2001	Cannabis;Delta-9-THC	Open study	Cannabis caused symptom relief in 70-100%, dronabinol caused symptom relief in 76-88%
Show	Appetite loss/weight loss; Spasticity; Pain	Marijuana in the management of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.	Carter GT, Rosen BS.	2001	Cannabis	Uncontrolled case report	Cannabis relieved several symptoms of ALS
Show	HIV/AIDS	Differential Effects of Medical Marijuana Based on Strain and Route of Administration: A Three-Year Observational Study	Corral VL	2001	Cannabis	Uncontrolled case report
Show	Migraine Headache	Hemp for headache: An in-depth historical and scientific review of cannabis in migraine treatment.	Russo EB	2001	Cannabis	Uncontrolled case report	Cannabis may be effective in the treatment of headache
Show	Nausea/vomiting; Appetite loss/weight loss; HIV/AIDS	Marijuana Use in HIV-Positive and AIDS Patients: Results of an Anonymous Mail Survey	Sidney S.	2001	Cannabis	Survey	22.4 % used cannabis for medicinal purposes
Show	Pain	Antinociceptive, subjective and behavioral effects of smoked marijuana in humans.	Greenwald MK, Stitzer ML.	2000	Cannabis	Controlled study	Cannabis produced dose-dependent antinociception
Show	Tourette's syndrome	Treatment of Tourette's syndrome with delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol.	Muller-Vahl KR, Schneider U, Kolbe H, Emrich HM.	1999	Delta-9-THC	Uncontrolled case report	Improvement of tics and obsessive-compulsive behavior
Show	Multiple sclerosis; Pain	Analgesic effect of the cannabinoid analogue nabilone is not mediated by opioid receptors.	Hamann W, di Vadi PP.	1999	Nabilone	Open study	Relieve of pain
Show	Dependency/withdrawal	Therapeutic use of cannabis by crack addicts in Brazil.	Labigalini E Jr, Rodrigues LR, Da Silveira DX.	1999	Cannabis	Open study	Cannabis use helped patients to quit crack use by reducing the craving symptoms
Show	Dependency/withdrawal	Therapeutic use of cannabis by crack addicts in Brazil.	Labigalini E, Jr., Rodrigues LR, Da Silveira DX.	1999	Cannabis	Open study	Cannabis reduced craving and helped patients to quit cocaine
Show	Bipolar disorders	The use of cannabis as a mood stabilizer in bipolar disorder: anecdotal evidence and the need for clinical research.	Grinspoon L, Bakalar JB.	1998	Cannabis	Uncontrolled case report	A number of patients find cannabis (marihuana) useful in the treatment of their bipolar disorder
Show	Tourette's syndrome	Cannabinoids: possible role in patho-physiology and therapy of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome.	Muller-Vahl KR, Kolbe H, Schneider U, Emrich HM.	1998	Cannabis	Survey	Evidence that marijuana improves tics and behavioural disorders in TS.
Show	Parkinson's disease	The effects of the cannabinoid receptor agonist nabilone on L-DOPA induced dyskinesia in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD).	Sieradzan KA, Fox SH, Dick J, Brotchie JM.	1998	Nabilone	Controlled study	Activation of cannabinoid receptors can reduce L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in man without aggravating parkinsonism.
Show	Hiccups	Marijuana for intractable hiccups.	Gilson I, Busalacchi M.	1998	Cannabis	Uncontrolled case report	Smoking cannabis stopped hiccups that did not respond to usual medications on the 8th day
Show	Spasticity;Multiple sclerosis;Pain;Tremor;Depression	The perceived effects of smoked cannabis on patients with multiple sclerosis.	Consroe P, Musty R, Rein J, Tillery W, Pertwee R	1997	Cannabis	Survey	In more than 80% improvement of spasticity, pain, tremor, depression, anxiety, and paresthesia
Show	Pain	Pain relief with oral cannabinoids in familial Mediterranean fever.	Holdcroft A, Smith M, Jacklin A, Hodgson H, Smith B, Newton M, Evans F	1997	Cannabis	Controlled study	reduction of need for morphin
Show	Nausea/vomiting;Cancer;Cancer chemotherapy	Intractable nausea and vomiting due to gastrointestinal mucosal metastases relieved by tetrahydrocannabinol (dronabinol).	Gonzalez-Rosales F, Walsh D	1997	Delta-9-THC	Uncontrolled case report	patients was treated with several antiemetic drugs, but it was not until dronabinol was added that the nausea and vomiting stopped
Show	Appetite loss/weight loss;HIV/AIDS	Long-term efficacy and safety of dronabinol for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated anorexia.	Beal JE, Olson R, Lefkowitz L, Laubenstein L, Bellman P, Yangco B, Morales JO, Murphy R, Powderly W, Plasse TF, Mosdell KW, Shepard KV	1997	Delta-9-THC	Open study	tendency to stable weight for 7 months
Show	Appetite loss/weight loss;HIV/AIDS	The safety and pharmacokinetics of single-agent and combination therapy with megestrol acetate and dronabinol for the treatment of HIV wasting syndrome. The DATRI 004 Study Group. Division of AIDS Treatment Research Initiative.	Timpone JG, Wright DJ, Li N, Egorin MJ, Enama ME, Mayers J, Galetto G	1997	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	weight loss with THC, weight gain with megestrol acetate
Show	Appetite loss/weight loss; Alzheimer's disease	Effects of dronabinol on anorexia and disturbed behavior in patients with Alzheimer's disease.	Volicer L, Stelly M, Morris J, McLaughlin J, Volicer BJ	1997	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	higher weight gain with THC; reduction of disturbed behaviour with THC
Show	Nausea/vomiting; Cancer chemotherapy	Marijuana to prevent nausea and vomiting in cancer patients: a survey of clinical oncologists.	Schwartz RH, Voth EA, Sheridan MJ.	1997	Cannabis	Survey	Only a small percentage of oncologists prescribed marijuana
Show	Multiple sclerosis; Spinal cord injury; Spasticity; Pain	The effect of orally and rectally administered delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on spasticity: a pilot study with 2 patients.	Brenneisen R, Egli A, Elsohly MA, Henn V, Spiess Y	1996	Delta-9-THC		improvement of joint function and ability to walk; in 1 patient additional alleviation of pain
Show	Cancer chemotherapy; Nausea/vomiting	An efficient new cannabinoid antiemetic in pediatric oncology.	Abrahamov A, Abrahamov A, Mechoulam R	1995	Delta-9-THC	Open study	complete prevention of emesis
Show	Multiple sclerosis; Spasticity	Nabilone in the treatment of multiple sclerosis.	Martyn CN, Illis LS, Thom J	1995	Nabilone	Controlled study	improvement of muscle spasms and frequency of nocturia
Show	Appetite loss/weight loss; HIV/AIDS; Depression	Dronabinol as a treatment for anorexia associated with weight loss in patients with AIDS.	Beal JE, Olson R, Laubenstein L, Morales JO, Bellman P, Yangco B, Lefkowitz L, Plasse TF, Shepard KV	1995	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	increased appetite; improvement in mood; stabel weight
Show	Spasticity; Spinal cord injury	Treatment of spasticity in spinal cord injury with dronabinol, a tetrahydrocannabinol derivative.	Kogel RW, Johnson PB, Chintam R, Robinson CJ, Nemchausky BA.	1995	Delta-9-THC	Open study	Spasticity was markedly improved in 2 o 5 patients
Show	Appetite loss/weight loss; Cancer	A phase II study of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol for appetite stimulation in cancer-associated anorexia.	Nelson K, Walsh D, Deeter P, Sheehan F	1994	Delta-9-THC	Open study	increase of appetite in 13 patients
Show	Multiple sclerosis	Short-term effects of smoking marijuana on balance in patients with multiple sclerosis and normal volunteers	Greenberg HS, Werness SAS, Pugh JE, Andrus RO, Anderson DJ, Domino EF	1994	Cannabis	Controlled study	Cannabis reduced posture and balance in patients with MS
Show	Nausea/vomiting	Effect of nabilone on nausea and vomiting after total abdominal hysterectomy.	Lewis IH, Campbell DN, Barrowcliffe MP.	1994	Nabilone	Controlled study	Nabilone and metoclopramide were equally effective in reducing nausea and vomiting
Show	Appetite loss/weight loss; HIV/AIDS	Effect of dronabinol on nutritional status in HIV infection.	Struwe M, Kaempfer SH, Geiger CJ, Pavia AT, Plasse TF, Shepard KV, Ries K, Evans TG.	1993	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	Trends toward weight gain, improved appetite, decreased symptom stress
Show	Tourette's syndrome	Effective treatment of Tourette’s syndrome with marijuana.	Hemming M, Yellowlees PM.	1993	Cannabis	Uncontrolled case report	Improvement of symptoms with cannabis
Show	HIV/AIDS; Appetite loss/weight loss; Depression	Dronabinol stimulates appetite and causes weight gain in HIV patients.	Plasse T, Conant M, Gorter R, Shepard KV	1992	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	increase in appetite, trend toward weight gain
Show	Appetite loss/weight loss; HIV/AIDS	Dronabinol effects on weight in patients with HIV infection.	Gorter R, Seefried M, Volberding P	1992	Delta-9-THC	Open study	weight gain
Show	Nausea/vomiting; Cancer; Cancer chemotherapy	Dronabinol and prochlorperazine in combination for treatment of cancer chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.	Lane M, Vogel CL, Ferguson J, Krasnow S, Saiers JL, Hamm J	1991	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	prochlorperazine better than THC, both drugs combined better than both alone
Show	Appetite loss/weight loss; HIV/AIDS	Recent clinical experience with dronabinol.	Plasse TF, Gorter RW, Krasnow SH, Lane M, Shepard KV, Wadleigh RG	1991	Delta-9-THC	Open study	Significant weight gain
Show	Huntington's Disease	Controlled clincal trial of cannabidiol in Huntington's disease.	Consroe P, Laguna J, Allender J, Snider S, Stern L, Sandyk R, Kennedy K, Schram K	1991	Cannabidiol	Controlled study	CBD was neither symptomatically effective nor toxic.
Show	Nausea/vomiting; Cancer chemotherapy	Marijuana as antiemetic medicine: a survey of oncologists' experiences and attitudes.	Doblin RE, Kleiman MA.	1991	Cannabis	Survey	54% of oncologists thought marijuana should be available on prescription
Show	Spasticity; Spinal cord injury; Pain	Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol shows antispastic and analgesic effects in a single case double-blind trial.	Maurer M, Henn V, Dittrich A, Hofmann A	1990	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	THC and codeine reduced pain; THC reduced spasticity
Show	Appetite loss/weight loss; Cancer	Dronabinol enhancement of appetite in cancer patients.	Wadleigh R, Spaulding GM, Lumbersky B, Zimmer M, Shepard K, Plasse T	1990	Delta-9-THC	Open study	Patients continued to loose, but the weight loss decreased in all groups; appetite and mood increased
Show	Parkinson's disease	Marijuana for parkinsonian tremor.	Frankel JP, Hughes A, Lees AJ, Stern GM.	1990	Cannabis	Open study	No improvement of tremor
Show	Appetite loss/weight loss; Cancer	Dronabinol enhancement of appetite in cancer patients.	Wadleigh R, Spaulding GM, Lumbersky B, Zimmer M, Shepard K, Plasse T.	1990	Delta-9-THC	Open study	Dronabinol stimulated mood and appetite
Show	Multiple sclerosis; Spasticity; Ataxia	Effect of cannabinoids on spasticity and ataxia in multiple sclerosis.	Meinck HM, Schönle PW, Conrad B	1989	Cannabis	Controlled study	improvement of tremor, spasticity and ataxia
Show	Nausea/vomiting; HIV/AIDS	Nabilone as effective therapy for intractable nausea and vomiting in AIDS.	Green ST, Nathwani D, Goldberg DJ, Kennedy DH.	1989	Nabilone	Uncontrolled case report	Intractable nausea and vomiting was effectively relieved with nabilone
Show	Nausea/vomiting; Cancer; Cancer chemotherapy	Efficacy of tetrahydrocannabinol in patients refractory to standard anti-emetic therapy	McCabe M, Smith FP, Goldberg D, Macdonald J, Woolley PV, Warren R	1988	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	THC decreased nausea and vomiting in 23 of 36 (64%) patients
Show	Appetite loss/weight loss	Effects of smoked marijuana on food intake and body weight of humans living in a residential laboratory.	Foltin RW, Fischman MW, Byrne MF.	1988	Cannabis	Controlled study	Increases in body weight during periods of active marijuana smoking were greater than predicted by caloric intake alone.
Show	Nausea/vomiting; Cancer; Cancer chemotherapy	A randomized trial of oral nabilone and prochlorperazine compared to intravenous metoclopramide and dexamethasone in the treatment of nausea and vomiting induced by chemotherapy regimens containing cisplatin or cisplatin analogues.	Cunningham D, Bradley CJ, Forrest GJ, Hutcheon AW, Adams L, Sneddon M, Harding M, Kerr DJ, Soukop M, Kaye SB.	1988	Nabilone	Open study	Metoclopramide/dexamethasone superior to nabilone/prochlorperazine
Show	Nausea/vomiting; Cancer; Cancer chemotherapy	Inhalation marijuana as an antiemetic for cancer chemotherapy.	Vinciguerra V, Moore T, Brennan E.	1988	Cannabis	Open study	Marijuana effective as antiemetic agent
Show	Tourette's syndrome	Marijuana and Tourette’s syndrome.	Sandyk R, Awerbuch G.	1988	Cannabis	Uncontrolled case report	The patients notes a significant amelioration of symptoms when smoking cannabis
Show	Multiple sclerosis; Spasticity	Delta-9-THC in the treatment of spasticity associated with multiple sclerosis.	Ungerleider JT, Andyrsiak T, Fairbanks L, Ellison GW, Myers LW	1987	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	significant subjective improvement in spasticity at doses of 7.5 mg and above; no objective improvement
Show	Nausea/vomiting; Cancer; Cancer chemotherapy	Nabilone versus prochlorperazine for control of cancer chemotherapy-induced emesis in children: a double-blind, crossover trial.	Chan HS, Correia JA, MacLeod SM	1987	Nabilone	Controlled study	Nabilone effective as antiemetic drug for children
Show	Nausea/vomiting	A double-blind randomised cross-over comparison of nabilone and metoclopramide in the control of radiation-induced nausea.	Priestman SG, Priestman TJ, Canney PA.	1987	Nabilone	Controlled study	Nabilone similar effective as metoclopramide
Show	Pain	Lack of effect of cannabidiol in sustained neuropathia.	Lindstrom P, Lindblom U, Boreus L.	1987	Cannabidiol	Controlled study	no effect of CBD on pain
Show	Dystonia; Parkinson's disease	Open label evaluation of cannabidiol in dystonic movement disorders.	Consroe P, Sandyk R, Snider SR	1986	Cannabidiol	Open study	20-50% improvement of dystonia; deterioration of tremor and hypokinesia in 2 patients with Parkinson's disease
Show	Epilepsy	Anticonvulsant effect of cannabidiol.	Ames FR, Cridland S	1986	Cannabidiol	Controlled study	no significant effect in addition to standard medication
Show	Spasticity	Effect of Delta-9-THC on EMG Measurements in Human Spasticity	Truong XT, Hanigan WC	1986	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	THC reduced several types of spastic manifestations
Show	Appetite loss/weight loss	Behavioral analysis of marijuana effects on food intake in humans.	Foltin RW, Fishman MW, Brady JV.	1986	Cannabis	Controlled study	The administration of two or three active marijuana cigarettes during the social access period increased average daily caloric intake.
Show	Nausea/vomiting; Cancer; Cancer chemotherapy	Nabilone and metoclopramide in the treatment of nausea and vomiting due to cisplatinum: a double blind study.	Crawford SM, Buckman R.	1986	Nabilone	Controlled study	No difference between nabilone and metoclopramide
Show	Nausea/vomiting; Cancer; Cancer chemotherapy	Nabilone: an alternative antiemetic for cancer chemotherapy.	Dalzell AM, Bartlett H, Lilleyman JS.	1986	Nabilone	Controlled study	Even for young children nabilone is an effective antiemetic, superior to domperidone.
Show	Nausea/vomiting; Cancer; Cancer chemotherapy	Crossover comparison of the antiemetic efficacy of nabilone and alizapride in patients with nonseminomatous testicular cancer receiving cisplatin therapy.	Niederle N, Schutte J, Schmidt CG.	1986	Nabilone	Controlled study	Nabilone superior to alizapride.
Show	Nausea/vomiting; Cancer; Cancer chemotherapy	Prospective randomized double-blind trial of nabilone versus domperidone in the treatment of cytotoxic-induced emesis.	Pomeroy M, Fennelly JJ, Towers M.	1986	Nabilone	Controlled study	Nabilone superior to domperidone
Show	Dystonia	Cannabidiol in dystonic movement disorders.	Sandyk R, Snider SR, Consroe P, Elias SM.	1986	Cannabidiol	Uncontrolled case report	Cannabidiol (CBD) reduced dystonic movements
Show	Spasticity	The effect of delta-9-THC on human spasticity.	Hanigan WC, Destree R, Truong XT.	1986	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	Delta-9-THC proved clinically beneficial in two of five patients with intractable spasticity.
Show	Nausea/vomiting; Cancer; Cancer chemotherapy	THC or Compazine for the cancer chemotherapy patient--the UCLA study. Part II: Patient drug preference.	Ungerleider JT, Sarna G, Fairbanks LA, Goodnight J, Andrysiak T, Jamison K.	1985	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	nausea reduction was the main determinant of preference between THC and prochlorperazine
Show	Nausea/vomiting; Cancer; Cancer chemotherapy	A cross-over comparison of nabilone and prochlorperazine for emesis induced by cancer chemotherapy.	Niiranen A, Mattson K.	1985	Nabilone	Controlled study	Nabilone is a moderately effective anti-emetic drug
Show	Parkinson's disease	Beneficial and adverse effects of cannabidiol in a Parkinson patient with sinemet-induced dystonic dyskinesia.	Snider SR, Consroe P.	1985	Cannabidiol	Uncontrolled case report	Improvement of dyskinesia
Show	Cancer; Cancer chemotherapy	Antiemetic efficacy of levonantradol compared to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.	Citron ML, Herman TS, Vreeland F, Krasnow SH, Fossieck BE Jr, Harwood S, Franklin R, Cohen MH.	1985	Delta-9-THC;Other cannabinoids	Controlled study	Levonantradol appears to be at least as effective an antiemetic as THC ; well-tolerated side-effects.
Show	Nausea/vomiting; Cancer; Cancer chemotherapy	Antiemetic therapy: a review of recent studies and a report of a random assignment trial comparing metoclopramide with delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol.	Gralla RJ, Tyson LB, Bordin LA, Clark RA, Kelsen DP, Kris MG, Kalman LB, Groshen S	1984	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	Poorer antiemetic control and more side effects with dronabinol than with the metoclopramide, both better than placebo
Show	Nausea/vomiting; Cancer; Cancer chemotherapy	Randomized double blind comparison of delta-9-tetrahydroicannabinol (THC) and marijuana as chemotherapy antiemetics.	Levitt M, Faiman C, Hawks R, Wilson A	1984	Cannabis;Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	9 patients no preference; 7 preferred oral THC, 4 preferred marijuana cigarettes (double-blind, double dummy crossover study)
Show	Asthma	Acute and subacute bronchial effects of oral cannabinoids.	Gong H Jr, Tashkin DP, Simmons MS, Calvarese B, Shapiro BJ	1984	Delta-9-THC	Open study	acute bronchodilator activity of delta 9-THC; no effect of cannabidiol; daily use of delta 9-THC not associated with tolerance
Show	Dystonia	Treatment of Meige's syndrome with cannabidiol.	Snider S.R, Consroe P.	1984	Cannabidiol	Uncontrolled case report	50% improvement in spasm severity and frequency
Show	Cancer chemotherapy	Dose ranging evaluation of the antiemetic efficacy and toxicity of intramuscular levonantradol in cancer subjects with chemotherapy-induced emesis.	Stambaugh JE Jr, McAdams J, Vreeland F.	1984	Other cannabinoids	Controlled study	Levonantradol more effective than placebo
Show	Nausea/vomiting; Cancer	An initial evaluation of Nabilone in the control of radiotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.	Priestman TJ, Priestman SG.	1984	Nabilone	Open study	Patients who did not respond to metaclopramide responded to nabilone.
Show	Nausea/vomiting; Cancer	Tetrahydrocannabinol vs. prochlorperazine. The effects of two antiemetics on patients undergoing radiotherapy.	Ungerleider JT, Andrysiak TA, Fairbanks LA, Tesler AS, Parker RG.	1984	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	THC was slightly superior to prochlorperazine
Show	Multiple sclerosis; Tremor	Tetrahydrocannabinol for tremor in multiple sclerosis.	Clifford DB	1983	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	2 patients with objective improvement, 5 with subjective improvement
Show	Asthma	Comparison of bronchial effects of nabilone and terbutaline in healthy and asthmatic subjects.	Gong H Jr, Tashkin DP, Calvarese B	1983	Nabilone	Controlled study	moderate bronchodilator action in healthy subjects; no difference to placebo in asthmatics
Show	Appetite loss/weight loss	A double-blind trial of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in primary anorexia nervosa.	Gross H, Ebert MH, Faden VB, Goldberg SC, Kaye WH, Caine ED, Hawks R, Zinberg N	1983	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	no significant difference between THC and diazepam
Show	Nausea/vomiting; Cancer; Cancer chemotherapy	Anti-emetic efficacy and toxicity of nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid, in lung cancer chemotherapy.	Ahmedzai S, Carlyle DL, Calder IT, Moran F.	1983	Nabilone	Controlled study	Symptom scores were significantly better for patients on nabilone for nausea, retching and vomiting.
Show	Nausea/vomiting; Cancer; Cancer chemotherapy	[Randomized comparative trial of a new anti-emetic: nabilone, in cancer patients treated with cisplatin][Article in French]	George M, Pejovic MH, Thuaire M, Kramar A, Wolff JP.	1983	Nabilone	Controlled study	Nabilone, in comparison with chlorpromazine did not significantly reduce the number of vomiting, but most patients preferred nabilone.
Show	Nausea/vomiting; Cancer; Cancer chemotherapy	A randomised multicentre single blind comparison of a cannabinoid anti-emetic (levonantradol) with chlorpromazine in patients receiving their first cytotoxic chemotherapy.	Hutcheon AW, Palmer JB, Soukop M, Cunningham D, McArdle C, Welsh J, Stuart F, Sangster G, Kaye S, Charlton D, et al.	1983	Other cannabinoids	Controlled study	0.5 mg levonantradol was a more effective antiemtic than 25 mg chlorpromazine
Show	Nausea/vomiting; Cancer chemotherapy	Cannabis and cancer chemotherapy: a comparison of oral delta-9-THC and prochlorperazine.	Ungerleider JT, Andrysiak T, Fairbanks L, Goodnight J, Sarna G, Jamison K.	1982	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	No significant differences between THC and prochlorperazine
Show	Spasticity; Spinal cord injury	Cannabis effect on spasticity in spinal cord injury.	Malec J, Harvey RF, Cayner JJ.	1982	Cannabis	Survey	Decreased spasticity with marijuana use
Show	Nausea/vomiting	Randomised clinical trial of levonantradol and chlorpromazine in the prevention of radiotherapy-induced vomiting.	Lucraft HH, Palmer MK	1982	Other cannabinoids	Controlled study	The frequency of vomiting was similar after levonantradol and chlorpromazine.
Show	Cancer; Cancer chemotherapy	A double-blind, controlled trial of nabilone vs. prochlorperazine for refractory emesis induced by cancer chemotherapy.	Johansson R, Kilkku P, Groenroos M.	1982	Nabilone	Controlled study	Severity of nausea and number of vomiting ejections and dry retching episodes were significantly less under nabilone.
Show	Nausea/vomiting; Cancer; Cancer chemotherapy	A multi-institutional Phase III study of nabilone vs. placebo in chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.	Jones SE, Durant JR, Greco FA, Robertone A.	1982	Nabilone	Controlled study	Nabilone is an effective antiemetic agent for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.
Show	Spasticity	Treatment of human spasticity with delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol.	Petro DJ, Ellenberger C Jr	1981	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	reduced spasticity with 10 mg THC
Show	Nausea/vomiting; Cancer; Cancer chemotherapy	A prospective evaluation of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol as an antiemetic in patients receiving adriamycin and cytoxan chemotherapy.	Chang AE, Shiling DJ, Stillman RC, Goldberg NH, Seipp CA, Barofsky I, Rosenberg	1981	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	no significant reduction of the number of vomiting, volume of emesis, degree of nausea, or duration of nausea
Show	Nausea/vomiting; Cancer; Cancer chemotherapy	Dose vs response of tetrahydroannabinol (THC) vs prochlorperazine as chemotherapy antiemetics.	Levitt M, Wilson A, Bowman D, Faiman C, Kemel S, Krepart G	1981	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	THC 15 mg was the most effective against vomiting, prochlorperazine was the most effective antinauseant
Show	Pain	Evaluation of intramuscular levonantradol and placebo in acute postoperative pain.	Jain AK, Ryan JR, McMahon FG, Smith G.	1981	Other cannabinoids	Controlled study	significant pain relief compared with placebo
Show	Glaucoma	Topical delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and aqueous dynamics in glaucoma.	Merritt JC, Perry DD, Russell DN, Jones BF	1981	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	no effect
Show	Nausea/vomiting; Cancer; Cancer chemotherapy	Comparative trial of the antiemetic effects of THC and haloperidol	Neidhart JA, Gagen MM, Wilson HE, Young DC	1981	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	THC and haloperidol equally effective
Show	Cancer chemotherapy; Glaucoma	Physiologic observations in a controlled clinical trial of the antiemetic effectiveness of 5, 10, and 15 mg of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in cancer chemotherapy. Ophthalmologic implications.	Levitt M, Wilson A, Bowman D, Kemel S, Krepart G, Marks V, Schipper H, Thomson G, Weinerman B, Weinerman R	1981	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	Patients were remarkably free of adverse physiologic effects.
Show	Nausea/vomiting; Cancer; Cancer chemotherapy	Nabilone: an effective antiemetic in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy.	Einhorn LH, Nagy C, Furnas B, Williams SD.	1981	Nabilone	Controlled study	Sixty patients (75 per cent) reported nabilone to be more effective than prochlorperazine for relief of nausea and vomiting.
Show	Pain	A study of levonantradol, a cannabinol derivative, for analgesia in post operative pain.	Kantor TG, Hopper M.	1981	Other cannabinoids	Controlled study	Levonantradol has analgetic activity but may have central nervous system adverse effects in humans.
Show	Glaucoma	Clinical relevance of cannabis tolerance and dependence.	Jones RT, Benowitz NL, Herning RI.	1981	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study
Show	Anxiety	The efficacy and safety of nabilone (a synthetic cannabinoid) in the treatment of anxiety.	Fabre LF, McLendon D.	1981	Nabilone	Controlled study	Dramatic improvement in anxiety
Show	Anxiety	Single-dose study of nabilone in anxious volunteers.	Glass RM, Uhlenhuth EH, Hartel FW, Schuster CR, Fischman MW.	1981	Nabilone	Controlled study	Antianxiety effects in 2 of the 8 subjects
Show	Pain	Effects of moderate and high doses of marihuana on thermal pain: a sensory decision theory analysis.	Clark WC, Janal MN, Zeidenberg P, Nahas GG.	1981	Cannabis	Controlled study	Cannabis increased perseption of pain
Show	Cancer chemotherapy; Nausea/vomiting	Antiemetics in patients receiving chemotherapy for cancer: a randomized comparison of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and prochlorperazine.	Sallan SE, Cronin C, Zelen M, Zinberg NE	1980	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	no nausea and vomiting in 36 of 79 courses of chemotherapy with THC compared to 16 of 78 courses in patients who received prochlorperazine; improved appetite with THC
Show	Cancer chemotherapy; Nausea/vomiting	Antiemetic effect of tetrahydrocannabinol. Compared with placebo and prochlorperazine in chemotherapy-associated nausea and emesis.	Orr LE, McKernan JF, Bloome B	1980	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	no nausea and no vomiting (complete response) in 73% (40/55 courses) in THC group
Show	Nausea/vomiting; Cancer; Cancer chemotherapy	The antiemetic activity of tetrahydrocanabinol versus metoclopramide and thiethylperazine in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy.	Colls BM, Ferry DG, Gray AJ, Harvey VJ, McQueen EG.	1980	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	tetrahydrocannabinol given by mouth has an antiemetic effect of approximately the same order as thiethylperazine and metoclopramide
Show	Epilepsy	Chronic administration of cannabidiol to healthy volunteers and epileptic patients.	Cunha JM, Carlini EA, Pereira AE, Ramos OL, Pimentel C, Gagliardi R, Sanvito WL, Lander N, Mechoulam R	1980	Cannabidiol	Controlled study	4 of the 8 CBD subjects remained almost free of convulsive crises and 3 other patients demonstrated partial improvement
Show	Spasticity; Pain	Marihuana as a therapeutic agent for muscle spasm or spasticity.	Petro DJ	1980	Cannabis	Uncontrolled case report	Relief from spasticity and pain
Show	Glaucoma	Effect of marihuana on intraocular and blood pressure in glaucoma.	Merritt JC, Crawford WJ, Alexander PC, Anduze AL, Gelbart SS	1980	Cannabis	Controlled study	Marihuana inhalation decreased intraocular and blood pressure.
Show	Cancer; Cancer chemotherapy	Double-blind comparison of the antiemetic effects of nabilone and prochlorperazine on chemotherapy-induced emesis.	Steele N, Gralla RJ, Braun DW Jr, Young CW.	1980	Nabilone	Controlled study	Both nabilone and prochlorperazine produced antiemetic effects
Show	Epilepsy	Chronic administration of cannabidiol to healthy volunteers and epileptic patients.	Cunha JM, Carlini EA, Pereira AE, Ramos OL, Pimentel C, Gagliardi R, Sanvito WL, Lander N, Mechoulam R	1980	Cannabidiol	Controlled study	4 of the 8 CBD subjects remained almost free of convulsive crises and 3 other patients demonstrated partial improvement
Show	Nausea/vomiting; Cancer; Cancer chemotherapy	Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol as an antiemetic for patients receiving cancer chemotherapy. A comparison with prochlorperazine and a placebo.	Frytak S, Moertel CG, O'Fallon JR, Rubin J, Creagan ET, O'Connell MJ, Schutt AJ, Schwartau NW	1979	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	THC and PCP equally effective; both better than placebo; THC produced psychic effects in 82%
Show	Nausea/vomiting; Cancer; Cancer chemotherapy	Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol as an antiemetic in cancer patients receiving high-dose methotrexate. A prospective, randomized evaluation.	Chang AE, Shiling DJ, Stillman RC, Goldberg NH, Seipp CA, Barofsky I, Simon RM, Rosenberg SA.	1979	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	14 of 15 patients had decreased vomiting and nausea
Show	Nausea/vomiting; Cancer; Cancer chemotherapy	Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) as an antiemetic in patients treated with cancer chemotherapy; a double-blind cross-over trial against placebo	Kluin-Nelemans JC, Nelemans FA, Meuwissen OJATh, Maes RAA	1979	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	dronabinol superior to placebo (P<.01 for difference between groups at days 1 and 8 independently)
Show	Glaucoma	Effects of tetrahydrocannabinol on arterial and intraocular hypertension.	Crawford WJ, Merritt JC	1979	Cannabis	Controlled study	drop in IOP parallel with drop in arterial blood pressure
Show	Nausea/vomiting	Amelioration of cancer chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting by delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol.	Ekert H, Waters KD, Jurk IH, Mobilia J, Loughnan P	1979	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	THC was effective in reducing nausea and vomiting but not in all patients
Show	Nausea/vomiting; Cancer; Cancer chemotherapy	Superiority of nabilone over prochlorperazine as an antiemetic in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy.	Herman TS, Einhorn LH, Jones SE, Nagy C, Chester AB, Dean JC, Furnas B, Williams SD, Leigh SA, Dorr RT, Moon TE.	1979	Nabilone	Controlled study	When both drugs were compared, both nausea and vomiting episodes were significantly lower in patients given nabilone.
Show	Pain	Effect of benzopyranoperidine, a delta-9-THC congener, on pain.	Jochimsen PR, Lawton RL, VerSteeg K, Noyes Jr R	1978	Other cannabinoids	Controlled study	Bezopyranoperidine was not more effective than placebo
Show	Cancer; Pain	Effect of a nitrogen analog of tetrahydrocannabinol on cancer pain.	Staquet M, Gantt C, Machin D.	1978	Other cannabinoids	Controlled study	NIB was superior to placebo and to secobarbital but is not useful clinically because of the frequency of side effects.
Show	Glaucoma	Effect of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on intraocular pressure in humans.	Cooler P, Gregg JM	1977	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	reduction in intraocular pressure
Show	Pain	Effects of intravenous tetrahydrocannabinol on experimental and surgical pain. Psychological correlates of the analgesic response.	Raft D, Gregg J, Ghia J, Harris L	1977	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	No pain relief with THC
Show	Asthma	Bronchial effects of aerosolized delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy and asthmatic subjects.	Tashkin DP, Reiss S, Shapiro BJ, Calvarese B, Olsen JL, Lodge JW.	1977	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	THC effective in healthy subjects and 3 asthmatic subjects; aerosol caused bronchoconstriction in 2 asthmatic subjects
Show	Cancer; Appetite loss/weight loss; Depression		Regelson W, Butler JR, Schulz J, Kirk T, Peek L, Green ML, Zalis MO	1976	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	weight gain with THC; weight los with placebo
Show	Asthma	Bronchodilator effect of delta1-tetrahydrocannabinol administered by aerosol of asthmatic patients.	Williams SJ, Hartley JP, Graham JD	1976	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	significant broncholdilation with THC; faster action of salbutamol but both drugs equivalent at 1 hour
Show	Cancer chemotherapy; Nausea/vomiting	Antiemetic effect of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy.	Sallan SE, Zinberg NE, Frei E 3d	1975	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	for patients completing the study there were 5 complete responses (no vomiting) and 7 partial responses (50% decrease of vomiting) of overall 15 courses
Show	Cancer; Pain	Analgesic effect of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol.	Noyes R Jr, Brunk SF, Baram DA, Canter A	1975	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	pain relief with 15-20 mg THC
Show	Cancer; Pain	The analgesic properties of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and codeine.	Noyes R Jr, Brunk SF, Avery DAH, Canter AC	1975	Delta-9-THC	Controlled study	milde analgesic effect; with 20 mg THC strong adverse effects
Show	Epilepsy	Anticonvulsant nature of marihuana smoking.	Consroe PF, Wood GC, Buchsbaum H	1975	Cannabis	Uncontrolled case report	Cannabis was able to control seizures in conjunction with phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin.
Show	Asthma	Effects of smoked marijuana in experimentally induced asthma.	Tashkin DP, Shapiro BJ, Lee YE, Harper CE	1975	Cannabis	Controlled study	after experimental induction of acute bronchospasm prompt correction of the bronchospasm with cannabis
Show	Glaucoma	Marijuana smoking and reduced pressure in human eyes: drug action or epiphenomenon?	Flom MC, Adams AJ, Jones RT	1975	Delta-9-THC	Open study	IOP reduction in 7 of 15
Show	Asthma	Acute effects of smoked marijuana and oral delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on specific airway conductance in asthmatic subjects.	Tashkin DP, Shapiro BJ, Frank IM.	1974	Cannabis;Delta-9-THC;Cannabidiol	Controlled study	Smoked marijuana and oral THC caused significant bronchodilation of at least 2 hours duration.
Show	Spasticity; Spinal cord injury; Pain	The perceived effects of marijuana on spinal cord injured males.	Dunn M, Davis R.	1974	Cannabis	Survey	Decrease in pain and spasticity.
Show	Pain	Marihuana and pain.	Hill SY, Schwin R, Goodwin DW, Powell B.	1974	Cannabis	Controlled study	Cannabis increased pain sensitivity
Show	Glaucoma	Marihuana smoking and intraocular pressure.	Hepler RS, Frank IR	1971	Cannabis	Open study	9 of 11 had drop in intraocular pressure of 16-45%
Show	Dependency/withdrawal	Cannabis substitution. An adjunctive therapeutic tool in the treatment of alcoholism.	Mikuriya TH	1970	Cannabis	Uncontrolled case report	Marijuana consumption may help to decrease alcolholic intake.

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Last updated: 11/26/09.